What is Histopathology?

Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissue samples to study the manifestations of diseases. It is a core diagnostic tool in modern medicine, especially in detecting cancers and inflammatory conditions. Histopathologists analyze tissues that are removed during biopsies, surgeries, or autopsies to identify abnormalities at a cellular level. This branch plays a vital role in confirming clinical diagnoses, determining disease stages, and guiding treatment decisions.

What Does Histopathology Involve?

The process begins with collecting a tissue sample, which is then preserved in formalin, processed, and embedded in paraffin wax. Thin slices are cut and stained using special dyes before being examined under a microscope by a pathologist. These microscopic views help detect structural changes that may indicate malignancy, infection, or degenerative conditions.

Key components of histopathological examination include:

• Biopsy Analysis: Evaluates small tissue samples to detect cancer or chronic inflammation.

• Surgical Specimen Review: Examines tissues removed during surgery to check for tumor margins and disease spread.

• Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Identify specific markers to differentiate between types of tumors or infections.

• Frozen Section Diagnosis: Offers rapid intraoperative results to assist surgeons during procedures.

• Grading and Staging of Cancer: Helps oncologists decide on appropriate treatment plans.

Why is Histopathology Important?

Histopathology is considered the gold standard in diagnosing many diseases, particularly cancer. It confirms the presence or absence of disease and provides crucial insights into its nature and severity. Accurate histopathological findings can determine whether a patient requires surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or simply close monitoring.

Conditions commonly diagnosed through histopathology:

• Breast, prostate, and colon cancer

• Chronic liver or kidney disease

• Autoimmune diseases

• Tuberculosis and fungal infections

• Skin disorders like psoriasis and eczema

Histopathology bridges clinical suspicion and definitive diagnosis, ensuring precision in medical care.